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In the long running series Understanding Radio the basics of the valve were examined, followed by voltage amplifiers and finally the output stage. These collected articles are presented here as Understanding Audio.

• The Diode I_aV_a Curve
• The Triode as Voltage Amplifier
• Basic Valve Circuits
• Valve Characteristics and Constants
• Amplification Factor and Dynamic Voltage Gain
• How to use Voltage Amplifier Load-lines
• Practical Voltage Amplifiers
• The Miller Effect
• Class A Output Stage
• Parallel and Push-Pull Output Valves
• Other Classes of Operation
• Beam Tetrodes and Pentodes
• Output Stages and Phase Splitters
• Phase Splitter Circuits
• Schmitt Phase Inverter
• Negative Feedback
• Negative Feedback - Problems
• Negative Feedback - Conclusion